<p><b style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">Big data\"</b><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;is a field that treats ways to analyze, systematically extract information from, or otherwise deal with&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_set\" title=\"\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\" data-original-title=\"Data set\">data sets</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;that are too large or complex to be dealt with by traditional&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processing\" title=\"\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\" data-original-title=\"Data processing\">data-processing</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software\" title=\"\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\" data-original-title=\"Application software\">application software</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">. Data with many cases (rows) offer greater&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_power\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\" data-original-title=\"Statistical power\">statistical power</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, while data with higher complexity (more attributes or columns) may lead to a higher&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_discovery_rate\" title=\"\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\" data-original-title=\"False discovery rate\">false discovery rate</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">.</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-2\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[2]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;Big data challenges include&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture\" title=\"\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\" data-original-title=\"Automatic identification and data capture\">capturing data</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage\" title=\"\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\" data-original-title=\"Computer data storage\">data storage</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis\" title=\"\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\" data-original-title=\"Data analysis\">data analysis</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, search,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing\" title=\"\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\" data-original-title=\"Data sharing\">sharing</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmission\" title=\"\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\" data-original-title=\"Data transmission\">transfer</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualization\" title=\"\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\" data-original-title=\"Data visualization\">visualization</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_language\" title=\"\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\" data-original-title=\"Query language\">querying,</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;updating,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_privacy\" title=\"\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\" data-original-title=\"Information privacy\">information privacy</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;and data source. Big data was originally associated with three key concepts:&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">volume</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">variety</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, and&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">velocity</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">.</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-3\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[3]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;When we handle big data, we may not sample but simply observe and track what happens. Therefore, big data often includes data with sizes that exceed the capacity of traditional usual software to process within an acceptable time</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Li_Li_p=341_4-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-Li_Li_p=341-4\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[4]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">value</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">Big data\"</span><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;is a field that treats ways to analyze, systematically extract information from, or otherwise deal with&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_set\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data set\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data sets</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;that are too large or complex to be dealt with by traditional&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processing\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data processing\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data-processing</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Application software\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">application software</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">. Data with many cases (rows) offer greater&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_power\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Statistical power\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">statistical power</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, while data with higher complexity (more&nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">Big data\"</span><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;is a field that treats ways to analyze, systematically extract information from, or otherwise deal with&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_set\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data set\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data sets</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;that are too large or complex to be dealt with by traditional&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processing\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data processing\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data-processing</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Application software\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">application software</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">. Data with many cases (rows) offer greater&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_power\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Statistical power\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">statistical power</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, while data with higher complexity (more attributes or columns) may lead to a higher&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_discovery_rate\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"False discovery rate\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">false discovery rate</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">.</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-2\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[2]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;Big data challenges include&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Automatic identification and data capture\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">capturing data</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Computer data storage\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data storage</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data analysis\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data analysis</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, search,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data sharing\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">sharing</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmission\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data transmission\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">transfer</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualization\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data visualization\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">visualization</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_language\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Query language\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">querying,</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;updating,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_privacy\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Information privacy\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">information privacy</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;and data source. Big data was originally associated with three key concepts:&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">volume</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">variety</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, and&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">velocity</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">.</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-3\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[3]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;When we handle big data, we may not sample but simply observe and track what happens. Therefore, big data often includes data with sizes that exceed the capacity of traditional usual software to process within an acceptable time</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Li_Li_p=341_4-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-Li_Li_p=341-4\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[4]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">value.&nbsp;<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-style: normal;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-5\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[5]</a></sup></i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">attributes or columns) may lead to a higher&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_discovery_rate\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"False discovery rate\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">false discovery rate</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">.</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-2\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[2]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;Big data challenges include&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Automatic identification and data capture\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">capturing data</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Computer data storage\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data storage</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data analysis\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data analysis</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, search,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data sharing\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">sharing</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmission\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data transmission\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">transfer</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualization\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data visualization\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">visualization</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_language\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Query language\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">querying,</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;updating,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_privacy\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Information privacy\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">information privacy</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;and data source. Big data was originally associated with three key concepts:&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">volume</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">variety</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, and&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">velocity</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">.</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-3\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[3]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;When we handle big data, we may not sample but simply observe and track what happens. Therefore, big data often includes data with sizes that exceed the capacity of traditional usual software to process within an acceptable time</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Li_Li_p=341_4-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-Li_Li_p=341-4\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[4]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">value.&nbsp;<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-style: normal;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-5\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[5]</a></sup></i><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">.&nbsp;<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\" style=\"line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-style: normal; font-size: 11.2px;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-5\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[5]</a></sup></i></p>