<p><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">Big data\"</span><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;is a field that treats ways to analyze, systematically extract information from, or otherwise deal with&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_set\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data set\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\">data sets</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;that are too large or complex to be dealt with by traditional&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processing\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data processing\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\">data-processing</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Application software\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\">application software</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">. Data with many cases (rows) offer greater&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_power\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Statistical power\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\">statistical power</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, while data with higher complexity (more attributes or columns) may lead to a higher&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_discovery_rate\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"False discovery rate\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\">false discovery rate</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">.</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-2\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[2]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;Big data challenges include&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Automatic identification and data capture\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\">capturing data</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Computer data storage\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\">data storage</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data analysis\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\">data analysis</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, search,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data sharing\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\">sharing</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmission\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data transmission\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\">transfer</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualization\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data visualization\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\">visualization</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_language\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Query language\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\">querying,</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;updating,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_privacy\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Information privacy\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif;\">information privacy</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;and data source. Big data was originally associated with three key concepts:&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">volume</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">variety</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, and&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">velocity</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">.</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-3\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[3]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;When we handle big data, we may not sample but simply observe and track what happens. Therefore, big data often includes data with sizes that exceed the capacity of traditional usual software to process within an acceptable time</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Li_Li_p=341_4-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-Li_Li_p=341-4\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[4]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">value.&nbsp;<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-style: normal;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-5\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[5]</a></sup></i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">Big data\"</span><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;is a field that treats ways to analyze, systematically extract information from, or otherwise deal with&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_set\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data set\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data sets</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;that are too large or complex to be dealt with by traditional&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processing\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data processing\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data-processing</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Application software\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">application software</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">. Data with many cases (rows) offer greater&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_power\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Statistical power\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">statistical power</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, while data with higher complexity (more attributes or columns) may lead to a higher&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_discovery_rate\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"False discovery rate\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">false discovery rate</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">.</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-2\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[2]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;Big data challenges include&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Automatic identification and data capture\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">capturing data</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Computer data storage\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data storage</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data analysis\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data analysis</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, search,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data sharing\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">sharing</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmission\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data transmission\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">transfer</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualization\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data visualization\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">visualization</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_language\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Query language\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">querying,</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;updating,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_privacy\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Information privacy\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">information privacy</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;and data source. Big data was originally associated with three key concepts:&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">volume</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">variety</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, and&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">velocity</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">.</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-3\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[3]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;When we handle big data, we may not sample but simply observe and track what happens. Therefore, big data often includes data with sizes that exceed the capacity of traditional usual software to process within an acceptable time</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Li_Li_p=341_4-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-Li_Li_p=341-4\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[4]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">value.&nbsp;<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-style: normal;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-5\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[5]</a></sup></i><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data\" style=\"font-size: 0.9375rem;\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">Big data\"</span><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;is a field that treats ways to analyze, systematically extract information from, or otherwise deal with&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_set\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data set\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data sets</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;that are too large or complex to be dealt with by traditional&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processing\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data processing\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data-processing</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Application software\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">application software</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">. Data with many cases (rows) offer greater&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_power\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Statistical power\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">statistical power</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, while data with higher complexity (more attributes or columns) may lead to a higher&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_discovery_rate\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"False discovery rate\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">false discovery rate</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">.</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-2\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[2]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;Big data challenges include&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Automatic identification and data capture\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">capturing data</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Computer data storage\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data storage</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data analysis\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">data analysis</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, search,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data sharing\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">sharing</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmission\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data transmission\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">transfer</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualization\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Data visualization\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">visualization</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_language\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Query language\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">querying,</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;updating,&nbsp;</span><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_privacy\" title=\"\" data-original-title=\"Information privacy\" style=\"background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(11, 0, 128); font-family: sans-serif;\">information privacy</a><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;and data source. Big data was originally associated with three key concepts:&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">volume</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">,&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">variety</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">, and&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">velocity</i><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">.</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-3\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[3]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;When we handle big data, we may not sample but simply observe and track what happens. Therefore, big data often includes data with sizes that exceed the capacity of traditional usual software to process within an acceptable time</span><sup id=\"cite_ref-Li_Li_p=341_4-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-Li_Li_p=341-4\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[4]</a></sup><span style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i style=\"color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: sans-serif;\">value.&nbsp;<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\" style=\"font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-style: normal;\"><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data#cite_note-5\" style=\"color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">[5]</a></sup></i><br></p>